Saturday, May 23, 2009
Conservation of mass and energy
The concept of mass–energy equivalence unites the concepts of conservation of mass and conservation of energy, allowing rest mass to be converted to other forms of energy, like kinetic energy, heat, or light. Kinetic energy or light can also be converted to particles which have rest mass. The total amount of mass-energy in a closed system remains constant because energy cannot be created or destroyed and, in all of its forms, trapped energy has mass. According to the theory of relativity, mass and energy as commonly understood are two names for the same thing, and neither one appears without the other.
Fast-moving objects and systems of objects
If you push on an object in the direction of motion, it gains momentum and it gains energy. But if the object is already travelling near the speed of light, it can't move much faster, no matter how much energy it absorbs. Its momentum and energy continue to increase, but its speed approaches a constant value—the speed of light. This means that in relativity the momentum of an object cannot be a constant times the velocity, nor is the kinetic energy given by ½mv2.
The relativistic mass is defined as the ratio of the momentum of an object to its velocity, and it depends on the motion of the object. If the object is moving slowly, the relativistic mass is nearly equal to the rest mass and both are equal to the usual Newtonian mass. If the object is moving quickly, the relativistic mass is greater than the rest mass. As the object approaches the speed of light, the relativistic mass becomes infinite, because the momentum becomes infinite.
The relativistic mass is always equal to the total energy divided by c2. Because the relativistic mass is exactly proportional to the energy, relativistic mass and relativistic energy are nearly synonyms; the only difference between them is the units. If length and time are measured in natural units, the speed of light is equal to 1, and even this difference disappears. Then mass and energy have the same units and are always equal, so it is redundant to speak about relativistic mass, because it is just another name for the energy. This is why physicists usually reserve the useful short word "mass" to mean rest-mass.
For things made up of many parts, like a nucleus, planet, or star, the relativistic mass is the sum of the relativistic masses of the parts, because energy adds up. In some cases, however, the parts include fields of force, and if the fields are attractive, they contribute a negative amount to the mass-energy. For example, the mass of an atomic nucleus is less than the total mass of the protons and neutrons that make it up. The amount by which it is smaller is the energy required to break up the nucleus into individual protons and neutrons. Similarly, the mass of the solar system is slightly less than the masses of sun and planets individually, since the gravitational field is attractive.
The relativistic mass of a moving object is bigger than the relativistic mass of an object that isn't moving, because a moving object has extra kinetic energy. The rest mass of an object is defined as the mass of an object when it is at rest, so that the rest mass is always the same independent of the motion of the observer: it is the same in all inertial frames.
For a system of particles going off in different directions, the invariant mass is the analog of the rest mass, defined as the total energy (divided by c2) in the center of mass frame, where the total momentum is zero.
Fast-moving objects and systems of objects
If you push on an object in the direction of motion, it gains momentum and it gains energy. But if the object is already travelling near the speed of light, it can't move much faster, no matter how much energy it absorbs. Its momentum and energy continue to increase, but its speed approaches a constant value—the speed of light. This means that in relativity the momentum of an object cannot be a constant times the velocity, nor is the kinetic energy given by ½mv2.
The relativistic mass is defined as the ratio of the momentum of an object to its velocity, and it depends on the motion of the object. If the object is moving slowly, the relativistic mass is nearly equal to the rest mass and both are equal to the usual Newtonian mass. If the object is moving quickly, the relativistic mass is greater than the rest mass. As the object approaches the speed of light, the relativistic mass becomes infinite, because the momentum becomes infinite.
The relativistic mass is always equal to the total energy divided by c2. Because the relativistic mass is exactly proportional to the energy, relativistic mass and relativistic energy are nearly synonyms; the only difference between them is the units. If length and time are measured in natural units, the speed of light is equal to 1, and even this difference disappears. Then mass and energy have the same units and are always equal, so it is redundant to speak about relativistic mass, because it is just another name for the energy. This is why physicists usually reserve the useful short word "mass" to mean rest-mass.
For things made up of many parts, like a nucleus, planet, or star, the relativistic mass is the sum of the relativistic masses of the parts, because energy adds up. In some cases, however, the parts include fields of force, and if the fields are attractive, they contribute a negative amount to the mass-energy. For example, the mass of an atomic nucleus is less than the total mass of the protons and neutrons that make it up. The amount by which it is smaller is the energy required to break up the nucleus into individual protons and neutrons. Similarly, the mass of the solar system is slightly less than the masses of sun and planets individually, since the gravitational field is attractive.
The relativistic mass of a moving object is bigger than the relativistic mass of an object that isn't moving, because a moving object has extra kinetic energy. The rest mass of an object is defined as the mass of an object when it is at rest, so that the rest mass is always the same independent of the motion of the observer: it is the same in all inertial frames.
For a system of particles going off in different directions, the invariant mass is the analog of the rest mass, defined as the total energy (divided by c2) in the center of mass frame, where the total momentum is zero.
Mass–energy equivalence
In physics, mass–energy equivalence is the concept that mass and energy are the same thing, so that every mass has an energy equivalent and vice versa. This relationship is expressed using the formula
E = mc^2 \,\!
where
* E = energy
* m = mass
* c = the speed of light in a vacuum (celeritas), (about 3×108 m/s)
Expressed in words: energy equals mass multiplied by the speed of light squared. Because the speed of light is a very large number in everyday units, the formula implies that any small amount of matter contains a very large amount of energy. Some of this energy may be released as heat and light by nuclear transformations.
Mass–energy equivalence was proposed in Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, "Does the inertia of a body depend upon its energy-content?", one of his Annus Mirabilis ("Miraculous Year") Papers.[1] Einstein was not the first to propose a mass–energy relationship, and various similar formulas appeared before Einstein's theory with incorrect numerical coefficients and an incomplete interpretation. Einstein was the first to propose the simple formula and the first to interpret it correctly: as a general principle which follows from the relativistic symmetries of space and time.
In the formula, c2 is the conversion factor required to convert from units of mass to units of energy. The formula does not depend on a specific system of units. Using the International System of Units, joules are used to measure energy, kilograms for mass, meters per second for speed. Note that 1 joule equals 1 kg·m2/s2. In unit-specific terms, E (in joules) = m (in kilograms) multiplied by (299,792,458 m/s)2.
E = mc^2 \,\!
where
* E = energy
* m = mass
* c = the speed of light in a vacuum (celeritas), (about 3×108 m/s)
Expressed in words: energy equals mass multiplied by the speed of light squared. Because the speed of light is a very large number in everyday units, the formula implies that any small amount of matter contains a very large amount of energy. Some of this energy may be released as heat and light by nuclear transformations.
Mass–energy equivalence was proposed in Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, "Does the inertia of a body depend upon its energy-content?", one of his Annus Mirabilis ("Miraculous Year") Papers.[1] Einstein was not the first to propose a mass–energy relationship, and various similar formulas appeared before Einstein's theory with incorrect numerical coefficients and an incomplete interpretation. Einstein was the first to propose the simple formula and the first to interpret it correctly: as a general principle which follows from the relativistic symmetries of space and time.
In the formula, c2 is the conversion factor required to convert from units of mass to units of energy. The formula does not depend on a specific system of units. Using the International System of Units, joules are used to measure energy, kilograms for mass, meters per second for speed. Note that 1 joule equals 1 kg·m2/s2. In unit-specific terms, E (in joules) = m (in kilograms) multiplied by (299,792,458 m/s)2.
Gurindam Jiwa
Gurindam Jiwa
( L )
Tuailah padi antara masak
Esok jangan layu-layuan
Intailah kami antara nampak
Esok jangan rindu-rinduan
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Anak cina pasang lukah
Lukah dipasang di Tanjung Jati
Di dalam hati tidak ku lupa
Sebagai rambut bersimpul mati
( korus )
( L )
Batang selasih permainan budak
Daun sehelai dimakan kuda
Bercerai kasih bertalak tidak
Seribu tahun kembali juga
( P )
Burung merpati terbang seribu
Hinggap seekor di tengah laman
( L )
Hendak mati di hujung kuku
Hendak berkubur di tapak tangan
( L & P )
Kalau tuan mudik ke hulu
Carikan saya bunga kemboja
Kalau tuan mati dahulu
Nantikan saya di pintu syurga
( L )
Tuailah padi antara masak
Esok jangan layu-layuan
Intailah kami antara nampak
Esok jangan rindu-rinduan
( P )
Anak cina pasang lukah
Lukah dipasang di Tanjung Jati
Di dalam hati tidak ku lupa
Sebagai rambut bersimpul mati
( korus )
( L )
Batang selasih permainan budak
Daun sehelai dimakan kuda
Bercerai kasih bertalak tidak
Seribu tahun kembali juga
( P )
Burung merpati terbang seribu
Hinggap seekor di tengah laman
( L )
Hendak mati di hujung kuku
Hendak berkubur di tapak tangan
( L & P )
Kalau tuan mudik ke hulu
Carikan saya bunga kemboja
Kalau tuan mati dahulu
Nantikan saya di pintu syurga
Malam Bulan Dipagar Bintang lyrics by P.Ramlee
Malam bulan dipagar bintang
Makin indah jika dipandang
Bagai gadis beri senyuman
Pada bujang idaman
.
Belai kasih ingin dimanja
Dengan cumbuan mesra
Untuk pelipur lara
Penawar dik asmara
.
Mm .... mm .... mm .... mm ...
.
Malam bulan dipagar bintang
Tambah seri cuaca malam
Murni sungguh ciptaan Tuhan
Bulan bintang lampu alam
.
Andai kata bintang menyepi
Bulan tidak berseri
Malam menjadi sunyi
Tidak berseri lagi
Makin indah jika dipandang
Bagai gadis beri senyuman
Pada bujang idaman
.
Belai kasih ingin dimanja
Dengan cumbuan mesra
Untuk pelipur lara
Penawar dik asmara
.
Mm .... mm .... mm .... mm ...
.
Malam bulan dipagar bintang
Tambah seri cuaca malam
Murni sungguh ciptaan Tuhan
Bulan bintang lampu alam
.
Andai kata bintang menyepi
Bulan tidak berseri
Malam menjadi sunyi
Tidak berseri lagi
Friday, May 22, 2009
Hari Jumaat.. Kenangan Indah..
Hari ini pagi2 kul 9.00 sis Nabila datang tempat praktikal..
berjaya present kat lecturer.. alhamdulillah
lecturer puas hati
pastu malam ade program ceramah kat Rapid KL
best...
ustaz Zulkifli Ahmad memang pandai bagi ceramah
tak sia2 kami tunggu lama..
mmg power ustaz ni..
yg bertajuk "kekuatan doa"
menurut kata Ustaz:
"beliau kagum dgn CEO Proton iaitu Syed Zainal, beliau berserah kepada Allah 100%, berdoa usaha tawakal.. untuk memajukan proton... sekarang lihat bagaimana jualan proton Saga BLM laris di Iran.. 100 000 unit dah dijual..."
pastu ade mkn nasi kukus Ayam lak.. nyam2..sedap... jamuan rapid kl
Thanks to semua staff Rapid Kl rolling stock division.
berjaya present kat lecturer.. alhamdulillah
lecturer puas hati
pastu malam ade program ceramah kat Rapid KL
best...
ustaz Zulkifli Ahmad memang pandai bagi ceramah
tak sia2 kami tunggu lama..
mmg power ustaz ni..
yg bertajuk "kekuatan doa"
menurut kata Ustaz:
"beliau kagum dgn CEO Proton iaitu Syed Zainal, beliau berserah kepada Allah 100%, berdoa usaha tawakal.. untuk memajukan proton... sekarang lihat bagaimana jualan proton Saga BLM laris di Iran.. 100 000 unit dah dijual..."
pastu ade mkn nasi kukus Ayam lak.. nyam2..sedap... jamuan rapid kl
Thanks to semua staff Rapid Kl rolling stock division.
Sunday, May 10, 2009
Untukmu Teman by Brothers
Di sini kita pernah bertemu
Mencari warna seindah pelangi
Ketika kau menghulurkan tanganmu
Membawaku ke daerah yang baru
dan hidupku kini ceria
Kini dengarkanlah
Dendangan lagu tanda ingatan
Kepadamu teman
Agar ikatan ukhuwah kan
Bersimpul padu
Kenangan bersamamu
Takkan ku lupa
Walau badai datang melanda
Walau bercerai jasad dan nyawa
Mengapa kita ditemukan
Dan akhirnya kita dipisahkan
Munkinkah menguji kesetiaan
Kejujuran dan kemanisan iman
Tuhan berikan daku kekuatan
Mungkinkah kita terlupa
Tuhan ada janjinya
Bertemu berpisah kita
Ada rahmat dan kasihnya
Andai ini ujian
Terangilah kamar kesabaran
Pergilah derita hadirlah cahaya
Mencari warna seindah pelangi
Ketika kau menghulurkan tanganmu
Membawaku ke daerah yang baru
dan hidupku kini ceria
Kini dengarkanlah
Dendangan lagu tanda ingatan
Kepadamu teman
Agar ikatan ukhuwah kan
Bersimpul padu
Kenangan bersamamu
Takkan ku lupa
Walau badai datang melanda
Walau bercerai jasad dan nyawa
Mengapa kita ditemukan
Dan akhirnya kita dipisahkan
Munkinkah menguji kesetiaan
Kejujuran dan kemanisan iman
Tuhan berikan daku kekuatan
Mungkinkah kita terlupa
Tuhan ada janjinya
Bertemu berpisah kita
Ada rahmat dan kasihnya
Andai ini ujian
Terangilah kamar kesabaran
Pergilah derita hadirlah cahaya
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